Birds are animals that have feathers as a peculiar feature. These structures are directly related to the flight, although many species of birds do not have this ability. Birds, however, do not only have feathers as body adaptations related to flight. Below we will list the main adaptations of these animals and discuss a little about each one of them.
→ Feathers
Feathers are structures formed by keratin present in the skin of birds. They have a wide variety of types, as well as different functions. The feathers have a thermal insulation function, act in buoyancy, help in attracting partners and even in camouflage. Despite this variety of roles, the best-known point is its relationship with flying. Feathers related to flight are stiffer than the others and provide propulsion and support for the animal.
→ wings
Wings, without a doubt, are essential structures to ensure the flight of birds. Without wings, birds would not be able to get the propulsion and lift needed to ensure proper flight. In addition, these animals are able to change the shape of their wings to ensure better efficiency in their movements. These changes ensure, for example, the performance of maneuvers, changes in direction and perfection in takeoff and landing.
→ Skeleton
The skeleton of birds presents a variety of adaptations that guarantee a flight with great efficiency. Among them, we can mention: modified bones in the hands that guarantee the support of the wings, vertebrae in the tail region that help in the support of the feathers and a rigid vertebral column that allows the movement of the wings without causing damage to the animal.
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We can also highlight the presence of an expanded sternum called keel or keel, which supports the pectoral muscles that act in flight. We must not forget the presence of hollow bones (pneumatic bones) that guarantee lightness to the animal.
→ muscles
The muscles of birds are well developed, particularly the pectoral muscles, which help with vigorous wingbeats. It is estimated that, in some species that perform flight, the pectoral muscles can make up 20% of your entire body mass.
→ Breathing
Birds are lung-breathing animals that stand out for the presence of structures called air bags. These structures guarantee greater lightness and allow a greater supply of air, which guarantees the amount of oxygen necessary for the bird to be able to produce energy to carry out its activities.
→ Excretion
The birds stand out for absence of urinary bladder, which makes your body lighter and, consequently, helps in flight. These animals also have uric acid excretiona product that does not require a large amount of water to be eliminated.
→ reproduction
The reproduction of these animals is also related to flight. Some researchers claim that, by laying eggs, the bird prevents its weight from increasing excessively and making it difficult to fly. Furthermore, it is important to point out that the females have only one ovary, and the gonads in this group are small, helping to reduce weight.
Know more: Discover the Evolutionary History of Birds!
By Ma. Vanessa dos Santos